Today we have all met up at Emilie's house to out the final touches to the campaign and put together the presentation.
Going through our old Facebook correspondence I found this web page that I posted, found it helpful as a beginning to the research process.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-cultures-of-the-world.html
By the end of the day I have completed my Powerpoint slides for the presentation and written my script to memorise and put on cue cards ready for tomorrow's presentation.
Thursday, 17 March 2011
Group meeting
In this meeting we went into detail about what our campaign.
During this meeting we reached a final brief:
During this meeting we reached a final brief:
To increase the education among the Japanese youth population on the value on dolphins as well as the hunting that happens around Japan. To create an interactive campaign that young people can get involved with and learn from.
Furthing my research into Japans media and culture I found that they have differing social Media from the West. Rather than using You tube the Japanese use Nico Nico Douga and whereas in a Western campaign we would automatically use Twitter, for the Japan campaign we will use Ameba Now.
Saturday, 5 March 2011
Research on Japan
Emilie and myself have undertaken the task of researching Japan using the framework devised by Srirmesh and Vercic. We met up and collated this information together.
Srirmesh and Vercic (2003) adopted the use of Excellence project (J.E.Grunig, 2002 as cited by Srirmesh and Vercic, 2003p.2) To which had previously establish that there were 9 generic principles to consider in order to conduct successful PR in an international context (Vercic, L.A Grunig, J.E Grunig, 1996) this research also suggested that there were 5 environmental variables that help PR practitioners within the practice devise campaigns in an international context. The five variables were: Political Ideology, Economic development, degree of activism, culture and the media system.
Srirmesh and Vercic (2003) from this research devised a 3 factor framework to incorporate all the key elements to be understood within the international context of PR (IPR).
Infrastructure: Political system, Level of economic development, Activism and the legal system.
Culture: Determinacy of Culture, Dimensions of societal culture, corporate culture.
Media: Mass media and images of nations, media control, media outreach, media access
Japan Landscape overview:
Population and Language:
Japan has a high aging society; the average age in Japan is the highest in the world the population is currently approximately 125 million people. The official language of Japan is Japanese.
Political System:
Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democratic government. The Emperor (sovereignty) which is a defined as the symbol of the state but has no political power. The parliamentary democracy has a house of representatives and a house of councillors, executive power is invested in a cabinet composed of a prime minister and ministers (who are civilians). There are several major political parties represented in the national diet, the democratic of Japan the (DPJ), the social democratic party (SPD), the peoples new party (PP), the Librial democrat party(LDP), the new clean government party (KOMEITO) the Japan communist party (JCP) and Your party (YP). When looking at the law within Japan it is currently drawn from customary law civil law and Anglo American common law, it consists of several levels of courts, the Supreme Court are the final judicial authority. Japan does not have a federal system and its 47 prefectures are not sovereign entities in the sense that US states are, major depend on the central government for subsides.
Principal government officials are; Head of state –Emperor Akihito, Prime Minister (Head of government) Naoto Kan, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Seigimae Haemahara.
Economic development:
Japan is an industrialist free market economy and is believed to be the third largest in the world, its economy is highly efficient and competitive in areas linked to international trade but productivity is far lower in protected areas such as agriculture, distribution and services. Japan has few natural recourses and trade helps it earn a foreign exchange needed to purchase raw materials for its economy.
The population of Japan is 127 million and the economy is based on agriculture and fishing – Connecting this fishing economy to a current story of sustainable fishing techniques could be embedded to the final campaign.
In the 1th century Japan’s unique culture and social culture system was influence by ancient Chinese culture and politics. By the late 19 century Japan opened to adopting a more Western ideology within European technology, science and political systems, working towards a more modern state.
Japan had actively promoted industrialisation has helped to create a stronger economic identity. After WW2 Japans economy become second to Americas in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). By the 1099s Japan boasted the highest per capita income in the world.
The consumerism that occurred in the late 1950s in the U.S spilled over into Japan and has led to a greater rebellion against existing authority.
In 1998 the law to promote specified non profit activities was passed in the diet. Currently 5,000 organisations are registered under this law.
The problems of environmental pollution, toxic chemicals and defected automobiles and other product deficiencies that began to occur in Japan in the latter half of the 1950s served to heighten various consumer advocacy groups – Advocacy groups could be used in the final campaign.
Media Control:
The Constitution in Japan protects suppression of freedom of speech and prohibits political intervention in religion. Journalism enjoys a level of freedom and is very credible in Japan.
The media (with exception of some specialist papers reliant on advertising revenue) are free in expressing their opinions concerning politics, corporations and religious groups. However, there are some magazines and papers owned by religious and political parties such as; Akahat Newspaper which is a communist party. These kinds of publications can be seen as agenda setting which create propaganda. As for communications activity in Japan there are almost no government regulations outside of the guidelines on media ethics. Ethical considerations and guidelines in Japan are in place to protect the interests of the public and their mass media industry is considered to be the fourth most powerful force in the country.
Media Outreach:
The media researched for this piece is reported to be easily accessed in all areas of Japan. The literacy rate within Japan is close to 100% of the population. This meaning that media is saturated at a higher level as opposed to countries with a high illiteracy rate.
Nationwide TV networks, newspapers, magazines and other media. The media access in Japan is very high; it covers national and international news extensively. The annual circulation for newspapers and magazines is the greatest in the world and totals around 4.62 billion issues a year.
5 National Newspapers; Asahi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, Nihon Keizai Shimbun and Sankei Shimbun. These have a combined circulation of over 71 million copies with morning and evening editions.
Yomiuri Shimbun exceeds 10 million copies alone.
Asahi Shimbun 8.3 million
The network of electronic and print media covers 48 million households throughout the nation. Mixi is Japans largest social networking site and in May 2008 it was estimates that it had over 21 million users, furthermore in December 2010 Mixi mobile led as the top mobile social networking destination with 11.3% of mobile users. Japans largest search engine is Technorati Japan and according to them they assessed on January 4th 2008 that the top 3 bolds were; Gigazine, which is a tech and geek bolg and has 7147 links from other blogs. Gizmodo Japan, which is about electronic gadgets that has 4684 links. Engaget Japanese, which is about electronic gadgets.
The largest commercial television network is Fuji TV (9.1%) followed by Nihon TV(8.3%) TBS (7%) TV Asahi (5.5%) and TV Tokyo (2.6 %). According to Japan’s Ministry of posts and telecommunications white paper (2000), Internet penetration rates in Japan increased to 21.4 % as of February 200 which were similar rates to that of the UK.
Media Access:
Many companies have their own Ko-ho (in house public relations department) and are beginning to adopt the use of two way communication system, however many are still using one way communication. It’s reported some organisational leaders are building relationships with journalists, which bypasses the PR department, however with increased levels of environmental activism and globalisation is has become apparent to them this can be difficult, especially in a time of crisis.
It is common place for Japanese media correspondents to move around in different departments every 2 to 3 years, this creates a problem for Pr professionals to build relationships and generate good media coverage of stories as new relationships much be continuously built.
Press Clubs are popular in Japan, with over 800 currently nationwide which position themselves within offices where groups such as central government, major political parties, local governments, industry bodies and major economic organisations are based. The Press Club Organisation is very exclusive, however this system is extremely convenient for the organisations who have a press club on their premises because they can easily disseminate information and messages to their targeted audience. Furthermore, this system tends to create a one way system of communication.
It was a common place for The Press Clubs to not allow non Japanese journalists in, however they have developed and since the 1990s, after demonstrations from non Japanese journalists, they are now more open and allow foreign media professionals in.
However, in 1998 Srirmesh and Takasaki reported on the nature of Japanese public relations and identified press clubs such as interlocutors between the media and other publics. Japanese press clubs act as gate-keepers between the media and organisations limiting access by organisations and others to the media.
Activism in Japan:
In the 19th century disputes over the people’s rights to freedom and the poor treatment of women’s labour in the 1920s saw the birth of labour unions. Japans labour force consists of 65.9 million workers (estimates in 2010), 42% of whom are women. Labour union membership was estimates to be about 10 million in 2007.
PR companies in Japan:
Japanese PR agencies; Chisei idea Centre, International Public Relations and Cosmo Public Relations, Dentsu PR Centre, Sun Creative Publicity, Ozma Inc, Kyodo Public Relations, Prap Japan and Inoue Public Relations.
However, it is considered rude in Japan to send an email press release to a Japanese journalist unless there is a close working relationship.
Cultural environment:
Research into Japanese culture (Buzznet, 2010) “Japan is a country of diverse customs and culture; while on the other hand; it is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. This is what makes it so unique, the mixture of modernity and tradition”.
Although within a modern context it is believed that the Japanese are trying to relieve the pressures of a class system, it is still an important part of their culture. Your name, status and family line are important when dealing with Japanese citizens. Certain names reveal certain ideologies of your background. For example the name ‘Sakurai’ denotes a ‘strong family history’. This is important when looking at PR from a cultural perspective as it suggests how when devising campaign slogan’s or forming brand identities it is apparent that the use of language and it’s denotative meaning is ‘Polysemic’ meaning it is interpreted differently by cultures. Although this is apparent with any culture, and arguably not paramount to creating a campaign, it is important to understand when looking specifically at denotative use of names.
Although the Japanese adopt the idea of modernity their ancient Japanese traditions are still paramount to their culture .Understanding and awareness of their cultural ideologies and rituals is key to communicating effectively.
An important factor of the Japanese culture is the philosophy of “Confucius”. Confucius’ social philosophy, concerning moral values, largely revolves around the concept of ‘Ren’ which means compassion or loving others. Cultivating or practising such concern for others involved deprecating oneself. This means sure to avoid artful speech or an ingratiating manor that would create a false impression. Those who have cultivated Ren are on the contrary simple in manor and slow in speech. The golden rule is “what you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others” and “since you yourself desire standing then help other achieve it, since you yourself desire success then help other attain it.
Religion in Japan is mainly based on Chintosim and Buddhism.
WA – Harmony
Amae – Over dependency, this describes how the building of relationships, usually in the form of wining and dining clients and spending time with colleagues outside of office hours, sometime results with the relationship taking importance over the organisation.
Hagi – Embarrassment. Japanese reframe from talking to outsiders about mistakes made by a company or individual.
These traits militate against the openness and speediness of the preferred nature of the PR world.
In Japanese society objective are not achieved by individuals competing but rather people are skilled at achieving objectives with group work. The Confucianism way of life in Japan created a society whereby people cannot make excuses when they do something wrong. As a result of this misunderstandings and friction occur when communicating with differing cultures – Communicating the campaign should be aware that the Japanese population do not like to admit to getting something wrong, like the dolphin culling. This links with Hagi, the embarrassment factor of their culture.
It is good to be aware that the Japanese tend to be direct in their questioning during conversation, however it is also a trait to be rather introverted in their persona and they hold relationships and loyalty in high regard. It is common to, in Japanese culture, to dress according to their status or position. In business men should wear dark conservative suits and women’s dress should also be conservative, wearing low heels to avoid towering over men, they should also avoid trousers.
In conversation with a person of Japanese origin you should not use large hand gestures, Japanese do not talk with their hands and to do so could disrespect your host. Another hand gesture to avoid is the OK sign, in Japan this means money, which they do not like to openly discuss, also pointing is considered impolite.
Furthermore, whilst conversing in Japan be aware that a smile can have a double meaning, it can mean either joy or displeasure, reading facial expressions are important as they can be easily misunderstood.
In Asia the number and 14 are bad luck; in Japan it sounds like their word for death ‘shuh-shuh’. Odd numbers and 4 are also considered bad luck.
It is important to remember that the Japanese frown upon public displays of affection, if possible they do not like to touch and it is highly inappropriate to touch someone of the opposite sex.
In today’s Japanese culture computer games are huge. Popular sports are sumo, karate, baseball, football, aikido, kendo and judo and the women like to shop.
Top 3 Japanese celebrities;
Yukie Nakama – actress, singer and model
Ichiro Suzuki – Baseball player
Amami Yuki - Actress
View of Westerners:
On the contrary westerner visitors are welcomed into Japan. However, despite the evidence that Japanese are influenced by Western cultures in terms of politics, westerners are still seen as ‘Gaijiin’ which is a disparaging term associated with foreigners. Also the idea of a western-Japanese marriage would be rarely welcomed by their culture. This is because the Japanese believe in ‘Wa’ (Harmony) which people of a single race live together in an island country.
References
Books:
Sriramesh.K,Vercic.D(2003)The Global Public relations handbook:Theory, research and Practice.New Jersey.Lawrence Erlbaum Assosiates inc.(pp.68-83).
Websites:
Nation master,2011. Media statistics, newspapers and periodicals[online]Available at:< http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_new_and_per_cir_dai-media-newspapers-periodicals-circulation-daily> [Accessed 03/03/2011]
Japan Probe, 2011.Top Japanese Celebrities[Online]Available at:
Religious Tolerence,2009.Confusianism[Online] Available at:< http://www.religioustolerance.org/confuciu.htm> Accessed [03/03/2011]
Buzzle,2010.Japanese customs and culture[online]Available at:[Accessed 03/03/2011]
Srirmesh and Vercic (2003) adopted the use of Excellence project (J.E.Grunig, 2002 as cited by Srirmesh and Vercic, 2003p.2) To which had previously establish that there were 9 generic principles to consider in order to conduct successful PR in an international context (Vercic, L.A Grunig, J.E Grunig, 1996) this research also suggested that there were 5 environmental variables that help PR practitioners within the practice devise campaigns in an international context. The five variables were: Political Ideology, Economic development, degree of activism, culture and the media system.
Srirmesh and Vercic (2003) from this research devised a 3 factor framework to incorporate all the key elements to be understood within the international context of PR (IPR).
Infrastructure: Political system, Level of economic development, Activism and the legal system.
Culture: Determinacy of Culture, Dimensions of societal culture, corporate culture.
Media: Mass media and images of nations, media control, media outreach, media access
Japan Landscape overview:
Population and Language:
Japan has a high aging society; the average age in Japan is the highest in the world the population is currently approximately 125 million people. The official language of Japan is Japanese.
Political System:
Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democratic government. The Emperor (sovereignty) which is a defined as the symbol of the state but has no political power. The parliamentary democracy has a house of representatives and a house of councillors, executive power is invested in a cabinet composed of a prime minister and ministers (who are civilians). There are several major political parties represented in the national diet, the democratic of Japan the (DPJ), the social democratic party (SPD), the peoples new party (PP), the Librial democrat party(LDP), the new clean government party (KOMEITO) the Japan communist party (JCP) and Your party (YP). When looking at the law within Japan it is currently drawn from customary law civil law and Anglo American common law, it consists of several levels of courts, the Supreme Court are the final judicial authority. Japan does not have a federal system and its 47 prefectures are not sovereign entities in the sense that US states are, major depend on the central government for subsides.
Principal government officials are; Head of state –Emperor Akihito, Prime Minister (Head of government) Naoto Kan, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Seigimae Haemahara.
Economic development:
Japan is an industrialist free market economy and is believed to be the third largest in the world, its economy is highly efficient and competitive in areas linked to international trade but productivity is far lower in protected areas such as agriculture, distribution and services. Japan has few natural recourses and trade helps it earn a foreign exchange needed to purchase raw materials for its economy.
The population of Japan is 127 million and the economy is based on agriculture and fishing – Connecting this fishing economy to a current story of sustainable fishing techniques could be embedded to the final campaign.
In the 1th century Japan’s unique culture and social culture system was influence by ancient Chinese culture and politics. By the late 19 century Japan opened to adopting a more Western ideology within European technology, science and political systems, working towards a more modern state.
Japan had actively promoted industrialisation has helped to create a stronger economic identity. After WW2 Japans economy become second to Americas in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). By the 1099s Japan boasted the highest per capita income in the world.
The consumerism that occurred in the late 1950s in the U.S spilled over into Japan and has led to a greater rebellion against existing authority.
In 1998 the law to promote specified non profit activities was passed in the diet. Currently 5,000 organisations are registered under this law.
The problems of environmental pollution, toxic chemicals and defected automobiles and other product deficiencies that began to occur in Japan in the latter half of the 1950s served to heighten various consumer advocacy groups – Advocacy groups could be used in the final campaign.
Media Control:
The Constitution in Japan protects suppression of freedom of speech and prohibits political intervention in religion. Journalism enjoys a level of freedom and is very credible in Japan.
The media (with exception of some specialist papers reliant on advertising revenue) are free in expressing their opinions concerning politics, corporations and religious groups. However, there are some magazines and papers owned by religious and political parties such as; Akahat Newspaper which is a communist party. These kinds of publications can be seen as agenda setting which create propaganda. As for communications activity in Japan there are almost no government regulations outside of the guidelines on media ethics. Ethical considerations and guidelines in Japan are in place to protect the interests of the public and their mass media industry is considered to be the fourth most powerful force in the country.
Media Outreach:
The media researched for this piece is reported to be easily accessed in all areas of Japan. The literacy rate within Japan is close to 100% of the population. This meaning that media is saturated at a higher level as opposed to countries with a high illiteracy rate.
Nationwide TV networks, newspapers, magazines and other media. The media access in Japan is very high; it covers national and international news extensively. The annual circulation for newspapers and magazines is the greatest in the world and totals around 4.62 billion issues a year.
5 National Newspapers; Asahi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, Nihon Keizai Shimbun and Sankei Shimbun. These have a combined circulation of over 71 million copies with morning and evening editions.
Yomiuri Shimbun exceeds 10 million copies alone.
Asahi Shimbun 8.3 million
The network of electronic and print media covers 48 million households throughout the nation. Mixi is Japans largest social networking site and in May 2008 it was estimates that it had over 21 million users, furthermore in December 2010 Mixi mobile led as the top mobile social networking destination with 11.3% of mobile users. Japans largest search engine is Technorati Japan and according to them they assessed on January 4th 2008 that the top 3 bolds were; Gigazine, which is a tech and geek bolg and has 7147 links from other blogs. Gizmodo Japan, which is about electronic gadgets that has 4684 links. Engaget Japanese, which is about electronic gadgets.
The largest commercial television network is Fuji TV (9.1%) followed by Nihon TV(8.3%) TBS (7%) TV Asahi (5.5%) and TV Tokyo (2.6 %). According to Japan’s Ministry of posts and telecommunications white paper (2000), Internet penetration rates in Japan increased to 21.4 % as of February 200 which were similar rates to that of the UK.
Media Access:
Many companies have their own Ko-ho (in house public relations department) and are beginning to adopt the use of two way communication system, however many are still using one way communication. It’s reported some organisational leaders are building relationships with journalists, which bypasses the PR department, however with increased levels of environmental activism and globalisation is has become apparent to them this can be difficult, especially in a time of crisis.
It is common place for Japanese media correspondents to move around in different departments every 2 to 3 years, this creates a problem for Pr professionals to build relationships and generate good media coverage of stories as new relationships much be continuously built.
Press Clubs are popular in Japan, with over 800 currently nationwide which position themselves within offices where groups such as central government, major political parties, local governments, industry bodies and major economic organisations are based. The Press Club Organisation is very exclusive, however this system is extremely convenient for the organisations who have a press club on their premises because they can easily disseminate information and messages to their targeted audience. Furthermore, this system tends to create a one way system of communication.
It was a common place for The Press Clubs to not allow non Japanese journalists in, however they have developed and since the 1990s, after demonstrations from non Japanese journalists, they are now more open and allow foreign media professionals in.
However, in 1998 Srirmesh and Takasaki reported on the nature of Japanese public relations and identified press clubs such as interlocutors between the media and other publics. Japanese press clubs act as gate-keepers between the media and organisations limiting access by organisations and others to the media.
Activism in Japan:
In the 19th century disputes over the people’s rights to freedom and the poor treatment of women’s labour in the 1920s saw the birth of labour unions. Japans labour force consists of 65.9 million workers (estimates in 2010), 42% of whom are women. Labour union membership was estimates to be about 10 million in 2007.
PR companies in Japan:
Japanese PR agencies; Chisei idea Centre, International Public Relations and Cosmo Public Relations, Dentsu PR Centre, Sun Creative Publicity, Ozma Inc, Kyodo Public Relations, Prap Japan and Inoue Public Relations.
However, it is considered rude in Japan to send an email press release to a Japanese journalist unless there is a close working relationship.
Cultural environment:
Research into Japanese culture (Buzznet, 2010) “Japan is a country of diverse customs and culture; while on the other hand; it is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. This is what makes it so unique, the mixture of modernity and tradition”.
Although within a modern context it is believed that the Japanese are trying to relieve the pressures of a class system, it is still an important part of their culture. Your name, status and family line are important when dealing with Japanese citizens. Certain names reveal certain ideologies of your background. For example the name ‘Sakurai’ denotes a ‘strong family history’. This is important when looking at PR from a cultural perspective as it suggests how when devising campaign slogan’s or forming brand identities it is apparent that the use of language and it’s denotative meaning is ‘Polysemic’ meaning it is interpreted differently by cultures. Although this is apparent with any culture, and arguably not paramount to creating a campaign, it is important to understand when looking specifically at denotative use of names.
Although the Japanese adopt the idea of modernity their ancient Japanese traditions are still paramount to their culture .Understanding and awareness of their cultural ideologies and rituals is key to communicating effectively.
An important factor of the Japanese culture is the philosophy of “Confucius”. Confucius’ social philosophy, concerning moral values, largely revolves around the concept of ‘Ren’ which means compassion or loving others. Cultivating or practising such concern for others involved deprecating oneself. This means sure to avoid artful speech or an ingratiating manor that would create a false impression. Those who have cultivated Ren are on the contrary simple in manor and slow in speech. The golden rule is “what you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others” and “since you yourself desire standing then help other achieve it, since you yourself desire success then help other attain it.
Religion in Japan is mainly based on Chintosim and Buddhism.
WA – Harmony
Amae – Over dependency, this describes how the building of relationships, usually in the form of wining and dining clients and spending time with colleagues outside of office hours, sometime results with the relationship taking importance over the organisation.
Hagi – Embarrassment. Japanese reframe from talking to outsiders about mistakes made by a company or individual.
These traits militate against the openness and speediness of the preferred nature of the PR world.
In Japanese society objective are not achieved by individuals competing but rather people are skilled at achieving objectives with group work. The Confucianism way of life in Japan created a society whereby people cannot make excuses when they do something wrong. As a result of this misunderstandings and friction occur when communicating with differing cultures – Communicating the campaign should be aware that the Japanese population do not like to admit to getting something wrong, like the dolphin culling. This links with Hagi, the embarrassment factor of their culture.
It is good to be aware that the Japanese tend to be direct in their questioning during conversation, however it is also a trait to be rather introverted in their persona and they hold relationships and loyalty in high regard. It is common to, in Japanese culture, to dress according to their status or position. In business men should wear dark conservative suits and women’s dress should also be conservative, wearing low heels to avoid towering over men, they should also avoid trousers.
In conversation with a person of Japanese origin you should not use large hand gestures, Japanese do not talk with their hands and to do so could disrespect your host. Another hand gesture to avoid is the OK sign, in Japan this means money, which they do not like to openly discuss, also pointing is considered impolite.
Furthermore, whilst conversing in Japan be aware that a smile can have a double meaning, it can mean either joy or displeasure, reading facial expressions are important as they can be easily misunderstood.
In Asia the number and 14 are bad luck; in Japan it sounds like their word for death ‘shuh-shuh’. Odd numbers and 4 are also considered bad luck.
It is important to remember that the Japanese frown upon public displays of affection, if possible they do not like to touch and it is highly inappropriate to touch someone of the opposite sex.
In today’s Japanese culture computer games are huge. Popular sports are sumo, karate, baseball, football, aikido, kendo and judo and the women like to shop.
Top 3 Japanese celebrities;
Yukie Nakama – actress, singer and model
Ichiro Suzuki – Baseball player
Amami Yuki - Actress
View of Westerners:
On the contrary westerner visitors are welcomed into Japan. However, despite the evidence that Japanese are influenced by Western cultures in terms of politics, westerners are still seen as ‘Gaijiin’ which is a disparaging term associated with foreigners. Also the idea of a western-Japanese marriage would be rarely welcomed by their culture. This is because the Japanese believe in ‘Wa’ (Harmony) which people of a single race live together in an island country.
References
Books:
Sriramesh.K,Vercic.D(2003)The Global Public relations handbook:Theory, research and Practice.New Jersey.Lawrence Erlbaum Assosiates inc.(pp.68-83).
Websites:
Nation master,2011. Media statistics, newspapers and periodicals[online]Available at:< http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_new_and_per_cir_dai-media-newspapers-periodicals-circulation-daily> [Accessed 03/03/2011]
Japan Probe, 2011.Top Japanese Celebrities[Online]Available at:
Religious Tolerence,2009.Confusianism[Online] Available at:< http://www.religioustolerance.org/confuciu.htm> Accessed [03/03/2011]
Buzzle,2010.Japanese customs and culture[online]Available at:
Friday, 28 January 2011
Definitions & Global Communications
Definitions of Intercultural Communications
In the 1980's the world saw the development of the information revolution and with this, in 1987, Pavlik identified that within PR International Public Relations (IPR) was "one of the most rapidly growing areas of the profession but one of the least understood.
More recently, in 2003 Wakefield defines IPR as "a multinational programme that has certain co-ordinations between head quarters and various countries, where offices and public's are located and that has potential consequence or results in more than one country.
Tench and Yeaman (2006) also say that IPR refers to the planning and implementation of programmes and campaigns carried out abroad, involving two or more countries.
Global Communications
Advertising, Marketing and PR work closely together but differ in their approaches to achieving end results.
At the core of PR is the establishment and maintenance of relationships and effective PR must be engaging to it's target audience to further enhance their relationships. A PR campaign can focus on engaging with with customers with the intention to create a 'good feeling' about a product or service.
Marketing is centered on who it's consumers are not really who the customer is, it bases itself in numerical details of consumers. The 5 P's of marketing;
- Price
- Product
- Place
- Promotion
Advertising generally uses a one way communication system, it centers on getting the message out to customers but does not concern itself with how the customer feels about the product or service. When analysing budgets within companies when the advertising budget is high the PR budget tends to be low and visa verse.
In today's climate of new technology and social media, images and text now appear to the public in real time making PR fast paced, allowing little time for PRO's to act, so a great PRO is fast thinking, logical and prepared.
Governments frequently engage with IPR to create positive image and reputations, for example in the 2000 Russian Presidential elections Valdimir Putin used an international PR agency to enhance his image. A country can also be effected by negative press, for example tourism fell by 50% after the discovery of Elizabeth Fritzel, IPR would need to be employed to engage with public's and change their opinion of the country.
Brief overview of Hill and Knowlton PR Agency
They describe themselves as a truly transnational agency structured with 82 offices in 45 countries which are closely connected by their shared culture, serving clients and adapting to their needs. By being continually aware of the global economy they know that a generalised solution to clients wont work which is why they are flexible in understanding cultural diversity.
They say the key to a transnational programme is being able to balance the advantages of centralised activities, such as consistency in messaging, with specific local needs.
In the 1980's the world saw the development of the information revolution and with this, in 1987, Pavlik identified that within PR International Public Relations (IPR) was "one of the most rapidly growing areas of the profession but one of the least understood.
More recently, in 2003 Wakefield defines IPR as "a multinational programme that has certain co-ordinations between head quarters and various countries, where offices and public's are located and that has potential consequence or results in more than one country.
Tench and Yeaman (2006) also say that IPR refers to the planning and implementation of programmes and campaigns carried out abroad, involving two or more countries.
Global Communications
Advertising, Marketing and PR work closely together but differ in their approaches to achieving end results.
At the core of PR is the establishment and maintenance of relationships and effective PR must be engaging to it's target audience to further enhance their relationships. A PR campaign can focus on engaging with with customers with the intention to create a 'good feeling' about a product or service.
Marketing is centered on who it's consumers are not really who the customer is, it bases itself in numerical details of consumers. The 5 P's of marketing;
- Price
- Product
- Place
- Promotion
Advertising generally uses a one way communication system, it centers on getting the message out to customers but does not concern itself with how the customer feels about the product or service. When analysing budgets within companies when the advertising budget is high the PR budget tends to be low and visa verse.
In today's climate of new technology and social media, images and text now appear to the public in real time making PR fast paced, allowing little time for PRO's to act, so a great PRO is fast thinking, logical and prepared.
Governments frequently engage with IPR to create positive image and reputations, for example in the 2000 Russian Presidential elections Valdimir Putin used an international PR agency to enhance his image. A country can also be effected by negative press, for example tourism fell by 50% after the discovery of Elizabeth Fritzel, IPR would need to be employed to engage with public's and change their opinion of the country.
Brief overview of Hill and Knowlton PR Agency
They describe themselves as a truly transnational agency structured with 82 offices in 45 countries which are closely connected by their shared culture, serving clients and adapting to their needs. By being continually aware of the global economy they know that a generalised solution to clients wont work which is why they are flexible in understanding cultural diversity.
They say the key to a transnational programme is being able to balance the advantages of centralised activities, such as consistency in messaging, with specific local needs.
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